January Chuak CCC Thanglawi Vol.11

Jan 17 Chuak 'The Hakha Post'

The Hakha Post Jan 13

                               

Zeiruangah Dah 1947 Constitution nih Statehood A Kan Pek Lo?(Part-2)

Zeiruangah Dah 1947 Constitution nih Statehood A Kan Pek Lo? (Part-1)

February 12, 1947 ah Burma Proper he I fonh ding in Chin,Kachin le Shan hna nih Panglong khua ah min an rak thut. Hi Panglong minthutnak ah Karen, Naga, Arakan Hill Tracts(Kanpetlet) le Wa an rak I tel lo. Hi Panglong minthutnak ah a tel lomi an duhnak theih khawhnak ding le min a rak thu cang mi an duhnak zong thuk deuh in theih khawhnak caah British cozah nih ‘Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry’ timi hlathlaitu committee an rak ser. Chairman ah British MP a si mi D.R. Rees-William, member ah Sima Hsinwa(Kachin), Vum Ko Hau(Chin), The Hon. Sawbwa of Mongpawn(Shan), Saw Sankey(Karen)  le Burma Proper lei in minung pali tiin tluk ruang tein an rak thim hna.

Hi committee a hmuitinh bik cu tlangcungmi (Frontier Areas) hna nih Burma Proper he I fonh tikah zeitindah an ram uk an duh ti kherhlai hnu in British Cozah le Burma Cozah sin ruahnak cheuh ding a si. Hi report chirchanh/hrambunh in 1947 Constitution Aung San version zong rak tial a si. Hi report ah kan mah Chinmi nih zeidah kan rak I thim, State or District men dah ti cu fiang ngai in hmuh khawh a si. 19^th April, 1947, ah voikhat, 21st April ah voikhat tiin Maymyo ah Chinmi kuzale(representatives) le hi committee an rak I tong hna. Satehood an rak hal lo ning hi atang lei bialehnak ah hin fiang ngai in hmuh khawh a si. Hi report cauk hi vawleicung library ngan bik 'British Library',London ah rel khawh a si. 

Falam lei hruaitu Chief Thang Tin Lian le Za Hre (Lian?) an bialehmi ah:

Chairman(Rees-William): Ka fiang lo ngai mi pakhat a um. Nan ram hi Burma Proper Cozah tang um maw nan duh or Tlangcungmi vial te le Burma Proper I fonh dih in ser mi Cozah tangah dah? Nan Memorandum(cathluan an rak I ken mi) ah khan ‘Federation’ ti a tel fawn,nain zeibantuk cozah dah nan sawh duh timi a fiang lo.

Chief Thang Tin Lian: Memorandum chung kan chim cia bantuk in kan nunphung or phunglam (customs) kan kilven khawh ko ah cun Burma Proper chung luh kan duh ko. (As we have said, in our memorandum, we should like to go into Burma Proper. Only as far as the preservation of Chin customs is concerned we should like to deal with that matter ourselves).

Chairman: Nan nunphung(ancient customs) dah ti lo cun adang I hruai ning vialte cu Burma Proper cozah nih tawlrel lai ti ko?(Apart from ancient customs of the Chins all matters of administration are to be dealt with by the Government of Burma Proper. Do i understand that?). 

Chief Thang Tin Lian: Aw,a si.

Chairman: Cuti a si ah cun Burma chung district pakhat nan si lai maw?

Chief Thang Tin Lian: Aw,kan si lai.

Chairman: Chin Hills hi Burma Proper ah maw a lut lai or Federation chung ah dah? (Should the Chin Hills go into Ministerial Burma or be joined in a federation with Burma and the other Frontier Areas?).

Za Hre (Lian?): Sir, Burma Proper ah kan luh a tha deuh tiah ka ruah.   

Falam lei hruaitu Chief Thang Tin Lian le Za Hre (Lian?) an bialeh mi zoh tikah Statehood cu an rak hal hrim lo ti hmuh khawh a si. Tedim lei , Hakha lei le Kanpetlet lei hruaitu zong nih Statehood cu an rak hal lo. Captain Mang Tung Nung long nih ‘Federation’ chung um kan duh tiah a rak chim,a mah zong nih Statehood cu a rak hal ve hrim lo.  

Hakha lei hruaitu Chief Mang Ling bialehmi ah:

Chairman: Nan memorandum ah pakhat kai fiang lo ngai mi a um. Burma Proper chung district pakhat or pakhatnak tam in um maw nan duh a si lo le tlangcungmi vialte le Proper Burma fonh in sermi Federal Cozah tangah dah um nan duh?

Chief Mang Ling: ‘Federation’ timi literature meaning kan ni fiang lo. Kan mah kan duhmi cu Burma chung district pakhat in um kan duh. (We do not know the literal meaning of ‘federation’. What we want is to join with Burma as a district in Burma).

Tedim lei hruaitu Chief Pum Za Mang bialehmi ah:

Chairman: Nan memorandum ah pakhat kai fiang lo ngai mi a um. Proper Burma chung district pakhat or pakhatnak tam in um maw nan duh a si lo le tlangcungmi vialte le Proper Burma fonh in sermi Federal Cozah tangah dah um nan duh. (There is one point in the memorandum on which we are not quite clear. Do you wish to join Ministerial Burma as a district or districts or do you wish to be administered by Federal Government of all people of Burma?).

Chief Pum Za Mang: Panglong hnatlaknak bantuk in Federation ah um kan duh. (We should like to be in federation according to the Panglong Agreement).

The Honble U Tin Tut(Burma): Panglong hnatlaknak nan zul lo ah cun Burma sin in phaisa lei bawmhnak nan hmu kho sual lai lo ti nan phan caah a si maw?(You seem to be under impression that you will not get any financial assistance from Burma unless you federate under Panglong agreement. Is that so?).

Chief Pum Za Mang: Aw, a si. Hihi kan tih. Kan phunglam or nunphung(ancient customs) kan kilven khawh ah cun Burma Proper he I fonh kan duh ko.

Kanpetlet lei hruaitu Vawmthu Maung bialehmi ah:

Chairman: Kanpetlet hi Burma Proper chung a um maw nan duh or tlangcungmi vialte le Burma fonh mi Federal cozah chungah dah?

Vawmthu Mawng: ‘Federation’ chungah um kan duh deuh ko. Nain phaisa lei le communication lei harnak kan ngei caah Burma Proper chungah um kan duhnak a si.   

Tedim lei hruaitu Captain Mang Tung Nung bialehmi:

Chairman: Burma Proper chung um maw nan duh or acung lei ka chim cia mi ‘Federation’ chung ah dah?

Captain Mang Tung Nung: ‘Federal’ chungah um kan duh ko.

Acunglei kan pupa hna nih bia an rak let mi hna zoh tikah 'Statehood' cu an rak hal hrim lo ti cu fiang ngai in hmuh khawh a si. An mah tein 'District' an rak i thim. Statehood an rak hal lo long si loin 'Federation' hmanh an rak hal lo. Chairman pa a biahal mi zoh tikah kan kong a kan ruat ngai in a lang, 'Burma Proper chung um maw nan duh or Federation chung dah' timi a hal nolh leng mang hna. Captain Mang Tung Nung long nih 'Federation' chung um kan duh tiah fek tein a chim ngam. 

Hi report hi Panglong Agreements nak in 1947 Constitution tialnak ah abiapi deuh ah an chiah kho. Aruang cu Panglong conference ah cun kan mah Chinram in minung pali(?) an ruahnak long an lak. Nain,hi report ah cun hruaitu an tling dih ngawt: Hakha,Falam,Tedim, Kanpetlet,Siyin, Lakher,Lunpu Mro(Mara?) le Khumi hruaitu dih lak 35 leng an si hna. Kan pupa hna an bialehmi zoh tikah phaisa lei bawmhnak an rak herh tuk ruang deuh ah 'District' men in Burma chung luh an rak i thim hi a si kho. Hiti 'District' long kan rak i thim ko nain 1947 Constitution Chan Htoon version ah 'Special Division' an kan pek hi cu kan van a tha ti awk lei a si. 

Note: Laiholh in ka let mi ah ka khen khawh lonak a um kho. Abik in 'customs' timi kha laiholh in let ka harh pah caah 'phunglam or nunphung' tiin ka let. 

Sri Lanka Ah Khuaruah Har Presidential Election Result

Sri Lanka president thimnak cu nizaan Jan 8 ah khan an tuah. President hlun Rajapaksa le a hlan a riantuan ti hawi health minister Sirisena nih an ni cuh. President hlun Rajapaksa nih term thumnak a peh lai tiah mipi nih an rak ruah cio nain nizaan result a vun chuah cu Sirisena nih a tei diam. Mipi an khuaruah a har.

A ngai ngai ti ah cun hi election hi kum hnih ai duh rih. President hlun nih zuamcawh tu a ngei lo,a tei tu ding an um lo ti a hngalh caah hi election hi Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe bantuk in tuan deuh a auhnak a si tiin an chim cio. A rival Sirisena hi kan hnu November thla hlan tiang kha a kuttang um mi health minister a rak si. Zuamcawhtu rival an um lo tikah kan hnu November thla long in ai timh tuah. Anih hi tutan president ai cuh hlan ah cun mipi nih theih a si lem lo nain election campaign a van tuah tak tak tikah minority le party fa deuh tete nih ruahning leng in an rak bawmh.

President hlun Rajapaksa hi Sri Lanka ah cun min lang pakhat a si. Kum 24 a si lio ah MP a tling ve cang(Pu Hrang Nawl kha 21 ah a tling ve). 2005 ah president a tling i 2010 ah term hnih nak a tling than. Sri Lanka cozah he kum 20 leng ai kah/ral cang mi minority Tamil rebel pawl 2009 ah an ci a hmih hna. Hi lio ah Tamil tam tuk an rak thi, Tamil nih cun Hitler bantuk ah an ruah nain Sri Lanka majority a si mi Sinhalese pawl nih cun an rak uar chin chin caah 2010 election zongah fawi tein a rak tlin than nak a si. 

Rajapaksa president a tuan chung ah hin minority a si mi Muslim le Tamil pawl an rak tuar ngai. Budhist monk pawl nih Muslim mosque an hrawh pah lengmang, muslim pawl an tuar ngai. Kan mah kawlram bantuk in majority a si mi Budhist nih an duhmi an hrawh ko, Cozah nih action a la lem lo. Hi Rajapaksa hi cu Sri Lanka um tamil long si loin India, Malaysia, Singapore le vawlei kakip um Tamil vialte nih an huat tak tak mi a si. Anih president a tuan chungah a minister pawl hi amah chuahpi unau le chungkhar deuh an si hna caah Rajapaksa chungkhar nih Sri Lanka an uk ti tiang in an soisel. 

Tutan election zongah muslim le Tamil pawl vote deuh in Siresena hi a tling. Amah zong nih hi hna minority vote lak khawh ding hi abiapi bik ah a chiah. Constitution remh ding le president nawl ngeihnak thumh ding hi mipi sin a biatianh bik an si hna. 

Zeiruangah Dah 1947 Constitution nih Statehood A Kan Pek Lo?

1947 kawlram constitution ah kan mah Chinram cu 'special division' min long kan rak ngei, Statehood kan rak ngei rih lo. Rakhine, Mon le Karen zong Statehood an rak ngah ve rih lo. Hi statehood kan rak ngah lo ruangah Union in chuahnak nawl 'right of secession' kan rak ngei lo ti khawh a si,aruang cu 1947 Constitution section (201) ah 'Every State' a ti caah Statehood a ngah mi long nih hi righ hi ngeih a si in a lang. Karen bel cu an nunnak tampi an pek hnu 1951 ah Statehood an rak ngah than.

Union of Burma founder ciocio ah Shan le Kachin bel cu Statehood an rak pek hna nain Chinram bel an kan pek lo hi ruahawk ngai a si.Kan ngeihchun Scholar an chim mi ai dang cio.

# Dr. Lian H. Sakhong a chim ningah Statehood kan ngah lonak a ruang hi Panglong Conference ah Dr. Vum Ko Hau nih Ramuk bawi Pu Hlur Hmung le Pu Kio Mang an chim mi 'Kan ram cu kan mah tein le kan phunglam ning tein uk kan duh ' timi zawn ah 'ram' hi 'district' men ah holh a letpalh caah a si a ti (In Search Of Chin Identity, P-213).Pu Hlur Hmung le Pu Kio Mang hi tlangcung area(Frontier Area) director Stevenson an rak i rinh ruangah holh lettu an rak i kenh rua lo,vanchiat cengel ah Panglong conference zarhkhat ai duh ah Stevenson cu a rian in dinter(resign) a si.

# Pu Lian Uk nih Salai Van Lian Thang biahalmi 'Chin Miphun Hi Secession Right Pek Kan Rak Si Maw?' a lehnak ah, "Kawl hruaitu nih le State in nan um ahcun vuikhat long budget peek nan silai i, budget peeknawlh a umtilai lo, State in nan lak loah cun aherh tik paoh ah buget peekchap khawhleng mng nansi lai ti te hna khan anrak lem fawn rua hna," tiin a tial. Pu Lian Uk a chim ningah hin cun kan pupa nih Statehood rak hal bal dawh an si,nain budget hal nolh khawh a si lai lo an phan ruangah 'special division' men an rak cohlan in a lang ve.

# Van Cung Lian(UK) nih Chinworld Media ah Dr. Vum Ko Hau konglam a tialnak ah, "General Aung San was very much touched by the simplicity and modesty of the terms the Chin delegate had brought up and readily consented to all the demands except for the statehood," tiin a tial. Panglong conference ah Aung San nih Statehood dah ti lo cun kan pupa nih an halmi vialte pek dih a timh hna,Statehood bel cu amah nawl in pek khawh a si lo caah a si tiin a tial. A nih hi Vum Ko Hau a auto-biography deuh reference ah hman dawh a si.

# Dr. Maung Maung cauk 'Gentleman,Scholar,Patriot' ,cahmai 514 ah "There is also a special administrative division for the Chins, who did not ask for statehood" tiin a tial ve. Dr. Maung Maung chim ning ah hin cun Statehood rak hal bal dawh kan si lo in a lang.

Pu Lian Uk le Van Cung Lian chim ning ah cun kan pupa nih Satehood an rak hal ko nain an kan pek lo reng reng in a lang. Nain, Dr. Lian H. Sakhong le Dr. Maung Maung chim ningah cun Statehood kan rak hal lo ruangah si dawh in a lang ve.Kaphnih zoh tikah an si kho ve ve,nain pakhat chingchang hi cu a palh hrim lai ti cu a fiang fawn. Cucaah,hi issue hi thuk deuh in kan kherhhlai a ho ko rua ka ti.

U Nu Chan Kawlram Economy:British Colony Chan Tluk In A Thangcho Maw?

Biadonhnak: Burma kong kan chim ah chankhat lio tlor thing le facang zuar kho bik, South East Asia ah a rum bik a si tiin kan chim theo. Hiti a rumbik caan bel fiang set in kan chim bal lo, tam deuh nih U Nu chan ah kan ruah sual tawn. Hihi a dik thlu lo, U Nu chan ah kawlram a rak thangcho ngai ve ko nain British chan tluk in a rak thangcho lo. Vawlei ka kip facang le tlor thing a rak kuat(export) tam bik caan hi British chan 1886-1940 kar ah a si. British channak in U Nu chan(1948-1962) ah kawlram facang chuak, facang cinnak hmun(Sown area) le ramdang kuatmi(export) a zor deuh hlei ah pakhat cio income(Per Capita Income) zong a tum chuk ngai.  

U Nu chan Vs British chan: British chan 1938/39 kum ah kawlram milu 16.1 million a rak si i GDP(Ramchung thilchuakmi a man vial te fonh mi) hi Ks 4,954 million a si. Per capita income(minung pakhat cio income) hi Ks 302 a si(Myat Thein:Economic Development of Myanmar.P-17). U Nu chan 1950/51 ah GDP Ks3,431 million tiang a tum i ramchung milu 19 million tiang a rak kai manh. GDP karh loin milu long a karh caah per capita income cu Ks 186 tiang a rak zor. 1959/60 tu ah kawlram GDP a hung kai deuh, Ks 5,600 million tiang a rak phan, British channak in tlawmpal a tam deuh. Nain,ramchung milu 22 million tiang a hung karh ve tikah per capita income cu Ks 269 tiang long a rak phan( Teruko Saito& Lee Kin Kiong. Statistics on the Burmsese economy. P-7). 1958-60 kar hi Independence hnu kawlram a rak thancho bik caan a si,hi kum hnih chung hi Ne Win cozah(caretaker) nih a rak hruai chung lio a si.

U Nu chan ah hin kawlram facang chuak a zor tuk. British chan 1938/39 kum ah kawlram facang chuak 7 million tons a rak si i kumkhat ah ramdangah 3 million tons a rak zuar(export) kho.U Nu chan 1953/54 bel ah cun facang kumkhat chuak 527,000 tons(ting nga fai) long a si i 1.2 million tons long ramdang a rak zuar(export) kho. A rak thancho bik caan 1960 zongah 1.6 million tons long a rak zuar kho. Cuhleiah,facang cinnak hmun(sown area) zong 1938 lio 5 million ha a si nain 1953 ah 4 million ha long a tang(Ian Brown: Burma's Economy in the Twentieth Century). Hiti GDP, per capita income le rice export a tum ning kan zoh tikah U Nu channak in British chan kawlram a rak thangcho deuh hrim ti hmuh khawh ngai a si. 

U Nu le Two-Year Plan: Kawlram independence hnu 1 April, 1948 ah U Nu cozah nih Japan kut in a rawk tuk cang mi kawlram cu kumhnih chung ah British chan kawlram dirhmun phak than ding ah 'Two-Year' plan an rak suai. Hi plan a hmui tinh bik cu ramchung company le enterprise vialte cozah ta ah  ser dih(nationalization), leiba cham kho lo ruangah India kala(Chettier or Chetti kala) pawl kut cung a phan cangmi lei(land) vial te kawlmi kut ah chiah than dih(burmanization) le ramdang ah cawk tawn mi thilri vialte ramchung chuah(manufacture) ding (industrialization) hna an si.A fawibik in chim ah cun socialist policy an ser. Hi plan cu an ruahning in a tluang lo, Communist&PVO le Karen ral ruangah U Nu cozah cu Rangon leng a rak cawl kho lo(Louis Walinsky:Economic Development in Burma 1951-60.P-69). 

U Nu le Eight-Year Plan: 1952 ah U Nu cozah nih American thiamsang pawl hmang in kumriat chung ah kawlram a tungmer ding 'Eight-Year plan' or 'Pyidawtha plan' an suai than. Hi plan nih industrial sector lei hi abik in thanchoter ai timh, kawlram nunnak a simi agriculture bel u-sa a pe deuh lo(Tin Maung Maung Than:State Dominance in Myanmar. P-55). Private company le enterprise a um ti lo,cozah ta ah ser dih a si. Facang lei(land) inn dongkhat ah 10 acres cio in an phawt hna, cozah nih lei tuahtu sin in facang man fawi deuh in a cawk i ramdangah man fak deuh in a zuar than. Private in export tuah khawh a si ti lo. British chan ah ramdang he free trade policy a rak hman mi bantuk a si lo, tariff(tax) a tam caah import&export a rak har. 

Eight-Year Plan cu an ruahning in a kal ti lo caah U Nu cozah nih 1955 ah a kal tak than. U Nu nih private company a biapit ning a hung ifiang deuh i private company tuahnak nawl a hung onh bang than,nain kum 10 chung state nih a lak lai lo ti long guarantee pek a si(Lundahl and Wyzan.Political Economy of Reform Failure.2005). Eight-Year plan du soisel a tong ngai, plan suaitu American zong fak ngai in an soi sel hna. Rangon newspaper pakhat ah 'US nih Burma economy hrawh ding in a minung kawlram a rak thlah hna' ti tiang in an rak tial(Ian Brown: Burma's Economy in the Twentieth Century). Cuhleiah, caan karlak Ne Win cozah nih cu American fimthiam zong 1958 ah a rak thawl diam hna.

Biadonghnak: Kawlram hi British uknak tang a rak um lio ah a right a rak sunghmi a tam ngai ko lai. Nain,British chan ah hin kawlram a rak thangcho tuk. U Nu cozah cu kum 14 chung ai cawl nain a policy hman mi a that lo ruangah a hma a kal kho deuh lo.U Nu cozah a thancho khawh lonak aruang bik tiah economist tampi nih an ruahmi cu ramchung company vialte cozah ta ah ser(nationalization) policy le agriculture abiapi ah a chiah lomi hna hi an si.A tawi bik in chim ah cun nationalist idea le socialist policy nih kawlram economy an rak hrawh ti khawh ngai a si. 

J