U Nu Plan Suai Tam Le A Theipar Ei Awk A Um Lo Ning

British kut in 1948 ah kawlram independence kan ngah hnu in U Nu hruaimi cozah nih plan 'sii-man-king' an suai mi a tam ngai nain ei awk a thei par ngai ngai an chuak kho lo. AFPFL hruaimi cozah nih April, 1948 ah 'Two-Year Plan' an rak ser. Socialist policy an rak i tlaih, private company thazang an rak pe lo,cozah nih company vialte control dih ngawt a si. 

Two-year plan cu tha tein an nunter hlan ah Karen hriamtlai phu nih 1949 ah Rangon tiang lak an rak timh caah cozah nih kum hnih chung(1948-50) zeihmanh a rak tuah kho lo. British kut tang ah kawlram a rak um lio 1939 ah kawlram GDP(kumkhat ramchung thil man vialte fonhmi man) Kyat 4,945 million leng a rak si nain 1950 ah cun GDP kyat 3,431 million tiang a rak tla,milu bel cu a rak karh chin. 

April, 1952 ah American engineer le economists thiamsang pawl hmang in 'Eight-year plan' or 'Pyidawtha' plan an rak suai than hoi.Mah 'Pyidawtha' plan hi cu mipi zong nih an rak i ruahchan ngai ve,kum riat hnu ah kawlram chung inchungkhar pakhat nih inn pakhat, mawtaw pakhat, radio pakhat le thla hlawh Kyat 800 ngah ding in rak timh a si. Nain,an ruahning bantuk in thil a kal ti lo caah 1955 ah an hnon than. 

Pyidawtha plan an hnon hnu in 1956 ah a dang 'Four-year plan' an suai than hoi. Nain,mah plan thar zong hi 1958 ah cozah tlai tu AFPFL party an rak i then caah an hnon than ve. U Nu cozah hi plan suai le seih-ku-zin cu a thiam ngai nain a tak tak ah a tuah khawh mi a rak um tuk lo. British kuttang kawlram a um lio 1939 ah kawlram chung per capita income (minung pakhat nih a hmuh mi hlawh) Kyat 302 a rak si nain 1957 ah cun per capita income kyat 247 tiang a tum. 

Rf:
Brown, I (2013) Burma’s Economy in Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mali, K.S (1962), Fiscal Aspect of Development Planning In Burma 1950-1960, Rangon: University of Rangon. 

Than, T. T. M (2007) State Dominance In Myanmar: The Political economy of industrialization, Singapore: Institute of South East Asian studies. 

Thein, M (2004) Economic Development of Myanmar, Singapore: Institute of South East Asian studies. 

*** Atang i caw-ngia hmanthlak na click ah kei phaisa ka ngah ve, zangfah tein voikhat tal ka click piak ve hram!      

Ai Kalh Tuk Mi Economist Pawl Ruahnak

Sipuazi lei thiamsang pawl an ruahnak hi ai kalh ngai tawn, economics cu theory deuh in kal pi a si tikah science bantuk in a ho set dah a hman ti hi chim khawh le experiment tuah khawh a si lo. Cheu khat an ruahnak cu a kalh bak in ai kalh mi an um, cheukhat nih 'a nak' an ti lio ah adang cheukhat nih 'a rang' an ti ve. 

Classical Vs Keynesian Economists 
Classical economists pawl an ruahnak ah cun ram pakhat ah cozah nih rian ngei lo rate (unemployment rate) niam ter a duh tikah rian tuan tu an hlawh a thumh kho i minung tam deuh rian a pek kho hna lai an ti. Company pakhat nih thlahlawh $1,000 pek in minung 10 rian a tuan ter mi hna kha thla hlawh $900 lei thumh in minung 11 rian a pek kho hna.

Nain, Keynesian economists pawl an ruahnak ah cun hiti riantuan tu hlawh an thumh tikah mipi(riantuan tu telh in) phaisa an ngei mi a tlawm deuh cang i company thil chuak an cawk kho ti lo caah company thilchuak zong an zuar kho ti lo i cu ti cun rian ngei lo an karh chin chin an ti ve. Riantuan tu nih phaisa a zatawk an ngah hnu lawng ah company thil an cawk kho ding a si i company nih an thil an manh lawngah rian tuan tu hlawh an pek kho hna lai hlei ah riantuan tu thar zong an herh chap kho lai an ti. 

Kaphnih an ruahnak tuaktan tikah an hman ve ve ko in a lang. Cozah nih a ram si ning zoh pah in hi bantuk unemployment policy hi a ser tawn. I palh lo a biapi ngai mi a si. 

Minthang deuh classical economists hna cu Adam Smith le David Ricardo an si i John Maynard Keynes hi Keynesian economics a thawk tu a si.  


*** Atang i caw-ngia hmanthlak na click ah kei phaisa ka ngah ve, zangfah tein voikhat tal ka click piak ve hram!  
    

The Factors Behind The Failure of Post-Independence Burma's Economy

The intention to dismantle the colonial economy, the government of post-independence Burma heavily emphasised industrialization neglecting the importance of agriculture which was the main income source for the people of Burma. According to Ian Brown, the government policy made little attempt at such reconciliation, and thereby ruined its strategy (Brown, 2013). Moreover, because of Japanese war during the Second World War, Burma had to suffer devastatingly when the democratically elected government came to power in 1948. In the year 1948, the year of independence, Burma’s GDP was 66% of its pre-war level. 

The average annual growth rate of GDP in the years 1948-1962 was 5.3 per cent. This overall performance was not quite satisfactory relative to that of 1939, of colony rule. As for per capita income, the level in 1962 was only 86% of 1939 (Thein, 2004). 

Year        GDP(Kyat million) Population(000) Per Capita Income(Kyat)

1938/39    4,945                        16,145                   302

1950/51    3,557                        19,051                   186

1959/60   5,600                        22,200                   269

           Figure: Burma GDP before Independence and after independence

                                

Economic Transformation of British Burma and Its Criticism  

British transformed Burma’s economy to suit their own interest. Burma was intended for creating free wealth as much as possible in the context of larger set of external economic, imperial, strategic and political interests. This led to capitalist economy with the effect on inequality of wealth among the society. The key to the colonial government’s economic policies was to further strengthen the trade between India and Burma (Taylor, 1987). Accelerating rice production resulted in a huge surplus for export inviting investments in rice processing industries and infrastructure developments that automatically assisted timber and rice industries which were largely dominated by the foreigners. As a consequence, large quantity of consumer goods and foods were imported displacing traditional handicrafts and industries such as salt-boiling and weaving (Than, 2007). 

The colonial introduced open immigration policy for Indians to meet the labour demand when the rice delta frontier was opened for cultivation. For commerce and trade grew rapidly, many Indian bankers, moneylenders, businessmen and professionals headed to Burma. Thus, Indians were well-integrated and they played important role in any sector, administrative and economics. Thus, the rapid increase of Indian population in Burma was a barrier toward economic benefit for the native Burmese and lead to communal tension (Hlaing, 1970). Although the nominal GDP doubled and the export quadrupled in the first two decades of twentieth century, the main beneficiaries were Europeans and Indians. According to Professor Aye Hlaing, the net transfer of income and profits to foreign countries in 1934 was estimated to be around 215 million rupees which was 15% of the total investment. The capitals mainly from India and Britain flowed in as investment and flowed out to foreign countries as profit and revenues for Indian central government (Than, 2007). Writers Fenichel and Huff (1971) criticised that the British seemed to have made Burma a colony of India plus Britain.  

Lingering Notion and Its Effects

The post-independence economy of Burma was largely influenced by the idea and notion associated with socialism and economic nationalism of the nationalist leaders who came to power after independence. The colonial conjugation with exploitive economic policy prompted leftist idea among political activists group called Dobama Asiayone in 1930s (Maung, 1969). The Dobama Asiayone’s 1939 Manifesto promised ‘State-led industrialization to provide employment and the right of worker to have control over their industry. Nationalization and mechanization of all lands were also guaranteed. Many leftist political activists became political prominence and praised their perspective version of socialism; most of them were influenced by the foremost activist Aung San’s ideology of socialism. 

Aung San’s principles of socialism for Burma’s economy generated legitimacy and credibility to socialist aspirations of the post-independence political elites. Aung San’s idea had been a root of economic policy of democrats, reformist socialists as well as the revolutionary democrats of Burmese armed forces which came to power after 1962 (Than, 2007).  Aung San, the father of nation, criticised capitalism as exploitive and fascist. In his view, the expression of imperialism and fascism were the same phenomenon with different forms. For him:  The State has to play major role in production, transit, and distribution and cooperative enterprise should also be encouraged. National enterprise and utilities must be run by the State. The State should also control trade, if not, the capitalist will exploit as they want and restart the old policy of monopoly and exploitation. Hence, Aung San’s ideology was based on socialism which restricts private sectors (Ibid.p 33). 

On replacing the capitalist system, the prime minister U Nu declared that the country must turn left ‘Left-wing’ to achieve full freedom, a mere change of garb would make no difference, the system and policy must be overturned. The first president of Independent Burma also insisted the primary policy for economic development should pursue socialist system eliminating the capitalism and private ownership (Than, 2007).  

Replacing capitalist system with socialist system discouraged the private sector and individuals. Individuals did not get rewarded for working harder. Nationalization of enterprises and other economic activity was one of the causes for the downturn economy (Thein, 2004).  

Post-independence Economic Policy and Its Failure

When Burma was under British rule, the Burmese had two bitter experiences. One of them was the great loss of land by native Burmese to the Indians, mostly Chettiars. Nearly half of the total cultivated area was owned by non-native Indians after the rice price fall in 1930s (Thein, 2004). The British government then was deaf to take action against the increasing number of land-ownerships by non-agriculturists. Besides, the administration system was ‘plural society’ with Europeans at the top, Chinese and Indians in the middle and Burmese were left at the bottom (Brown, 2013). 

The second is ‘free trade’ policy practised in the country. The basic principles of commercial policy of British rule in Burma were laissez-faire and competitive enterprise, two adjusts of Anglo- Saxon liberalism (Mali, 1962). Consequently, Burma was very much dependent on the production and export of simply paddy. Although this policy remarkably benefited foreigners and the overall economy, it excluded the native peasant from any important role in the process of modernization (Thein, 2004).Moreover, as Burma was a province of British India between 1986-1937, there was no restriction on immigration from India. The number of Indian immigrants to Burma was significantly increasing which the nationalists highly opposed (Brown, 2013). 

When Burma got Independence from British in 1948, the new government attempted to overturn the colonial economy. The first was to remove foreign interests in the country. Thus, the Land Nationalization Act was introduced in 1948 to take back the agricultural land mostly owned by non-agriculturist Indians (Brown, 2013). The agricultural lands were nationalized and redistributed with the ceiling of 10 acres each. The new government also took control over foreign trade which were under the monopoly of foreign firms and introduced moderately high tariff wall. Timber industry and well-known foreign companies such as Irrawaddy Flotilla Company were also nationalized. The government emphasised on industrialization and the stare role for long-term development process. Most are in agreement that the emphasis on the role of the State in the economic development of Burma may be mainly attributed to the socialist convictions of its young leaders (Thein, 2004). 

According to Burma expert economist Furnivall (1957), the foreign owned monopoly firms could not be granted much power under the new government. Socialist ideology showed that they needed to be taken over by the State. The firms could not be safely left in foreign hand, but the State could not take over without courting disasters. A renowned Burmese economist Dr Tun Wai (1965) also commented on the socialist ideology taken by the new government. In his view, the government attempted to Burmanize the economy by replacing foreigners who played monopoly role under colonial rule. As the Burmese did not have both financial and business experiences, the best option for the government was to follow a socialistic policy. 

The government introduced an institution called State Agricultural Marketing Board (SAMB) which bough paddy from the farmers at fixed price and exported at higher price. Although the profit made from SAMB is a source of income for government, this policy reduced incentive for the farmers to supply exportable surplus. This approach weakened the production and cultivation of paddy which was the main source of economy during colonial rule (Brown, 2013). 

Failures of Two-Year and Eight-Year Plans

The new government of Burma after independence formulated Two-Year plan and Eight-Year plan in 1948 and 1952 respectively, based on socialist ideology. The Two-Year plan was the first attempt of the new government at planning. It formulated the list of targets to reach back the level of colonial economy within the following two years after independence. Due to the insurrections of Burmese Communist rebels and ethnic Karen insurgency broke out to bring down the government soon after independence; the plan was not successfully implemented countrywide. The government had to focus on restoring law and order (Thein, 2004). 

The Eight-Year plan was drawn by American scholars to double the GDP within eight years in 1952. The plan objectives were nationalization, burmanization and industrialization based on socialist policy. The plan was not satisfactory and abandoned in 1955. Instead of doubling the GDP, the actual GDP during these years was only 60% higher than the previous one (Ibid., p 21). Dr Mali (1962) observed the factor behind the failure of the plan was too much emphasis on industrialization and neglect of agricultural sector. 

The Findings from Previous Studies

Some scholars like Dr Mali, Professor Myat Thein, Dr Tun Wai, Professor Ian Brown and Tin Maung Maung Than have done moderate research on the economy of post-independence Burma. They all have different views and ideas behind the failure Burma’s economy after independence in 1948. 

According to Ian Brawn (2013), destroying the plural society with nationalization policy was one of the factors behind the failure of the economy. Professional and intellectual Indians had played very important role during British colony. However, they had to flee the country due to war and introduction of Land Nationalization Act because they had lost large number of land. Nationalist ideology was also one of the factors behind. 

Dr Mali (1962) observed that the factor behind the poor performance of government was too much emphasis was given to industrialization and neglect of agricultural sector. The government did not give much priority to agriculture instead it gave all priority to industrialization. 

Scholar Tin Maung Maung Than(2007) considered that replacing capitalist system with socialist system could be regarded as wrong approach. Private sector did not have any important role in the economic development. In most countries, private enterprises are the main sources of employment and development.  

Dr Tun Wai, a renowned Burmese economist, insisted that the falling Burma’s economy after independence was due to lack of experience in commerce and lack of financial resources. 

According to the findings and literature review of theories and previous studies, the possible factors which caused the failure of Burma economy after independence could be 4 factors: too much emphasis on industrialization and neglect of agricultural sector, policy of nationalization and Burmanization, replacing capitalist system with socialist system and lack of experience in commerce. 

In conclusion, the researcher will undertake in-depth research on each of these factors and determine how badly individual factors effected the Burma’s economy in between 1948-1962. All these factors could have affected the post-independence Burma economy; however, there must be some particular factors which excessively affected the economy’s downturn.  

REFERENCES

Brown, I (2013) Burma’s Economy in Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fenichel, H; Huff, W (1971), The Impact of Colonialism on Burmese Economic Development, Montreal: McGill University.

Furnivall, J.S (1957) An Introduction to The Political Economy of Burma, Rangon: People Literature Committee & House. 

Hlaing, A (1964), Trends of Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Burma 1870-1940, Rangon: University of Rangon. 

Lundahl, M., Wyzan, L (2005) Political Economy of Reform Failures , London: Routledge. 

Mali, K.S (1962), Fiscal Aspect of Development Planning In Burma 1950-1960, Rangon: University of Rangon. 

Saunder, M., Lewis, P., Thornbill, A (2007) Research Methods for Business Students, Essex: Person Education. 

Taylor, H (1987) , State In Burma, London: Hurst. 

Than, T. T. M (2007) State Dominance In Myanmar: The Political economy of industrialization, Singapore: Institute of South East Asian studies. 

Thein, M (2004) Economic Development of Myanmar, Singapore: Institute of South East Asian studies. 

Walinsky, J. L (1962) Economic Development in Myanmar, New York: Twenty First Century Fund. 

Wai, T (1961), Economic Development of Burma from 1800 till 1940, Rangon: University of Rangon.

Wai, T (1953), Burma’s Currency and Credit, Bombay: Orient Longman. 

                                                                                                                                                                                                              

Oil Man A Tlaknak Aruang:A Ho Dah A Sung I A Ho Dah A Miak?

US um ka u pa he kan ni chon i 'US cu datsi man a tla tuk i a nuam ngai, zeiruangah dah hi tluk in datsi man a tla khawh hnga?' tiin a ka hal. Kei ka upa lawng si loin a ho poah nih hi oil man a tlaknak aruang theih kan duh cio lai ka zumh caah ka hung thai ta. 

Economic Theory Nih Cun:

Thil pakhat khat a man a tlak ah cun mah thil thengte kha hmunhma pakhat chungah a tam tuk caah le mipi nih an cawk duh deuh ti lo caah a si ko.Tahchunhnak ah, Mizoram Saiha ah cun zu a har tuk caah kawlram zu OB langkhat khi Kyat 30,000 in kan zuar khawh,nain, Hakha ah cun OB a tam tuk caah langkhat Kyat 1,000 lawng in cawk khawh a si than. A fawibik in chim ah cun, thil pakhat khat a chuak mi a tam deuh tikah cu thil man cu a tum thluahmah, thil pakhat khat a chuakmi a tlawm deuh tikah cu thil man cu a kai chin thluahmah ve. 

Tutan Oil Man A Tlaknak Aruang:

Vawleicung ah oil an chuah mi a tam tuk caah a si ko. US ramchung hrim hrim ah Oil a chuak mi a tam chin leng mang,'Oil shale' timi oil chuah khawhnak khor in US nih oil a chuah mi a tam chin leng mang caah ramdang in oil a caw duh ti lo,amah chuahmi ai rinh khawh cang. Hiti US ramchung oil chuakmi a tam hlan ah cun Middle East ram a si mi Saudi Arabia, UAE le adang OPEC(The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) ram in US mipi nih ni fatin hman ding oil a cawk tawn nain tuhi cu nikhat hnu nikhat a cawkmi a tlawm chin leng mang cang.

US ramchung oil chuak mi a tam chin lawng si loin Libya ram zong nih oil a chuah mi a tam chin ve i vawlei cung oil market ah hmunhma a hung lak chin ve. Cucaah, vawleicung oil chuak mi a hung tam chin leng mang caah a man zong a hung tla chin leng mang nak a si.   

Europe le China Lei Nih An Cawkmi A Tlawm Chin Ve: European Union chung tel ram pawl an sipuazi a tla hlei ah China sipuazi zong a hung nuar deuh caah oil an cawkmi a tlawm deuh ngai ve, demand a tum tuk kan ti lai cu. Cheukhat a thangcho deuhmi khuapi (London,Beijing tbk) ah cun oil nih thli a hnawmter an ti caah bus le mawtaw tampi ah oil an hmang ti lo, 'hydrogen gas' an hmang cang. Kei zong London ah cun 'Hydrogen Bus' lawng kai cit cang. Hiti oil a hmang mi an tlawm chin caah oil man zong a tlak nak a si. 

Ziah Oil Man An Control Kho Lo?

Iran,Nigeria,Venezuela le Saudi Arabia pawl hi an ram chuakmi oil tal an zuar lo ah cun adang zuar ding an ngei lo tluk a si. Zeitluk oil man a niam zong ah 'oil man a kai lai ka hngak rih lai' tiin an ram chuak oil an zuar lo ah cun an paw tam ko lai,a dang lam in income an ngah nak ding a um tuk lo. Zei he dah ai lo ti ah cun, Lai lei khua te ah zu din duh tuk ruangah saphaw angki hna Ks 1,000 men in pawn bantuk kha a si ko. 

OPEC member a si mi ram 12 nih June 5 ah meeting an tuah lai i hiti oil man a kai mi control dingah an ceih te lai,zei tiang dah an control khawh te hnga ti cu hngak rih a ho ko lai.

Oil man hi June, 2014 ah cun 1 barrel=$110 a rak si nain a tu hi cu 1 barrel=$60 lawng a si cang, 54% bak a tla. Hiti oil man a tla ruangah a dang thil man vial te zong a tum kho ve, a bik in vanlawng ticket man cu tum ngai ve dawh a si.

Western ram um mipi nih a miak an tep lai, abik in US um mi. 

Iran,Nigeria, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Russia le a dang OPEC chungtel ram pawl cu tah an duh ko lai.  

         

U Nu Chan Kawlram Economy:British Colony Chan Tluk In A Thangcho Maw?

Biadonhnak: Burma kong kan chim ah chankhat lio tlor thing le facang zuar kho bik, South East Asia ah a rum bik a si tiin kan chim theo. Hiti a rumbik caan bel fiang set in kan chim bal lo, tam deuh nih U Nu chan ah kan ruah sual tawn. Hihi a dik thlu lo, U Nu chan ah kawlram a rak thangcho ngai ve ko nain British chan tluk in a rak thangcho lo. Vawlei ka kip facang le tlor thing a rak kuat(export) tam bik caan hi British chan 1886-1940 kar ah a si. British channak in U Nu chan(1948-1962) ah kawlram facang chuak, facang cinnak hmun(Sown area) le ramdang kuatmi(export) a zor deuh hlei ah pakhat cio income(Per Capita Income) zong a tum chuk ngai.  

U Nu chan Vs British chan: British chan 1938/39 kum ah kawlram milu 16.1 million a rak si i GDP(Ramchung thilchuakmi a man vial te fonh mi) hi Ks 4,954 million a si. Per capita income(minung pakhat cio income) hi Ks 302 a si(Myat Thein:Economic Development of Myanmar.P-17). U Nu chan 1950/51 ah GDP Ks3,431 million tiang a tum i ramchung milu 19 million tiang a rak kai manh. GDP karh loin milu long a karh caah per capita income cu Ks 186 tiang a rak zor. 1959/60 tu ah kawlram GDP a hung kai deuh, Ks 5,600 million tiang a rak phan, British channak in tlawmpal a tam deuh. Nain,ramchung milu 22 million tiang a hung karh ve tikah per capita income cu Ks 269 tiang long a rak phan( Teruko Saito& Lee Kin Kiong. Statistics on the Burmsese economy. P-7). 1958-60 kar hi Independence hnu kawlram a rak thancho bik caan a si,hi kum hnih chung hi Ne Win cozah(caretaker) nih a rak hruai chung lio a si.

U Nu chan ah hin kawlram facang chuak a zor tuk. British chan 1938/39 kum ah kawlram facang chuak 7 million tons a rak si i kumkhat ah ramdangah 3 million tons a rak zuar(export) kho.U Nu chan 1953/54 bel ah cun facang kumkhat chuak 527,000 tons(ting nga fai) long a si i 1.2 million tons long ramdang a rak zuar(export) kho. A rak thancho bik caan 1960 zongah 1.6 million tons long a rak zuar kho. Cuhleiah,facang cinnak hmun(sown area) zong 1938 lio 5 million ha a si nain 1953 ah 4 million ha long a tang(Ian Brown: Burma's Economy in the Twentieth Century). Hiti GDP, per capita income le rice export a tum ning kan zoh tikah U Nu channak in British chan kawlram a rak thangcho deuh hrim ti hmuh khawh ngai a si. 

U Nu le Two-Year Plan: Kawlram independence hnu 1 April, 1948 ah U Nu cozah nih Japan kut in a rawk tuk cang mi kawlram cu kumhnih chung ah British chan kawlram dirhmun phak than ding ah 'Two-Year' plan an rak suai. Hi plan a hmui tinh bik cu ramchung company le enterprise vialte cozah ta ah  ser dih(nationalization), leiba cham kho lo ruangah India kala(Chettier or Chetti kala) pawl kut cung a phan cangmi lei(land) vial te kawlmi kut ah chiah than dih(burmanization) le ramdang ah cawk tawn mi thilri vialte ramchung chuah(manufacture) ding (industrialization) hna an si.A fawibik in chim ah cun socialist policy an ser. Hi plan cu an ruahning in a tluang lo, Communist&PVO le Karen ral ruangah U Nu cozah cu Rangon leng a rak cawl kho lo(Louis Walinsky:Economic Development in Burma 1951-60.P-69). 

U Nu le Eight-Year Plan: 1952 ah U Nu cozah nih American thiamsang pawl hmang in kumriat chung ah kawlram a tungmer ding 'Eight-Year plan' or 'Pyidawtha plan' an suai than. Hi plan nih industrial sector lei hi abik in thanchoter ai timh, kawlram nunnak a simi agriculture bel u-sa a pe deuh lo(Tin Maung Maung Than:State Dominance in Myanmar. P-55). Private company le enterprise a um ti lo,cozah ta ah ser dih a si. Facang lei(land) inn dongkhat ah 10 acres cio in an phawt hna, cozah nih lei tuahtu sin in facang man fawi deuh in a cawk i ramdangah man fak deuh in a zuar than. Private in export tuah khawh a si ti lo. British chan ah ramdang he free trade policy a rak hman mi bantuk a si lo, tariff(tax) a tam caah import&export a rak har. 

Eight-Year Plan cu an ruahning in a kal ti lo caah U Nu cozah nih 1955 ah a kal tak than. U Nu nih private company a biapit ning a hung ifiang deuh i private company tuahnak nawl a hung onh bang than,nain kum 10 chung state nih a lak lai lo ti long guarantee pek a si(Lundahl and Wyzan.Political Economy of Reform Failure.2005). Eight-Year plan du soisel a tong ngai, plan suaitu American zong fak ngai in an soi sel hna. Rangon newspaper pakhat ah 'US nih Burma economy hrawh ding in a minung kawlram a rak thlah hna' ti tiang in an rak tial(Ian Brown: Burma's Economy in the Twentieth Century). Cuhleiah, caan karlak Ne Win cozah nih cu American fimthiam zong 1958 ah a rak thawl diam hna.

Biadonghnak: Kawlram hi British uknak tang a rak um lio ah a right a rak sunghmi a tam ngai ko lai. Nain,British chan ah hin kawlram a rak thangcho tuk. U Nu cozah cu kum 14 chung ai cawl nain a policy hman mi a that lo ruangah a hma a kal kho deuh lo.U Nu cozah a thancho khawh lonak aruang bik tiah economist tampi nih an ruahmi cu ramchung company vialte cozah ta ah ser(nationalization) policy le agriculture abiapi ah a chiah lomi hna hi an si.A tawi bik in chim ah cun nationalist idea le socialist policy nih kawlram economy an rak hrawh ti khawh ngai a si. 

J    

  

Zeiruangah Dah Phaisa Thlen Rate(Exchange Rate) Ai Thleng Lengmang?

Tuan deuh inflation(phaisa man zornak) kong ka tial mi a reltu cheukhat nih phaisa thlen rate a rian tuan ning an ka hal len caah 'exchange rate' kong ka hung thai than. Kan mah Laimi hi phaisa thlen rate a tuak leng mang mi kan si fawn tikah kan theih a herh khun rua ka ti. Phaisa thlen rate hi minute pakhat chung hmanh ah tam tuk ai thleng kho. Aruang ka hung fian hnik lai.

# Phaisa thlen rate (exchange rate) hi vawlei ka kip um bank tampi(CITI,Barclays Investment Bank, JPMorgan,HSBC tbk) fonh in dirhmi Foreign Exchange Market(Forex) nih a khiah(determine) mi a si. Central location(zungchoh) an ngei lo, computer chung in vawlei kakip banks he an ni pehtlai i ramkip phaisa thlen rate an kherhhlai,an cawk i an zuar than.

# Forex chungtel bank pakhat cio nih thlen rate a kai lai tiah an zumh mi phaisa an cawk cio i an zuar than. An cawk ciami phaisa a caw than tu(buyers) an tam ah cun cu phaisa cu a man a kai i tuan deuh an cawknak man nak sang deuh in an zuar than. Nikhat ah hi market chung phaisa thlen mi $ 2 trillion leng a phan tawn.

# Tahchunhnak ah,kawlram um company pakhat nih US chuak engine pakhat a cawk. Hi engine cawknak dingah hin US dollar a ho.Cutikah hi company nih Forex(Foreign Exchange Market) ah a va kal i kawlram phaisa in US dollar a va cawk. Hi company bantuk in a dang kawlram chung company le khual tlawng mi hna nih US dollar an cawk tam tuk ah cun kawlram phaisa a man(value) a tum lai i US dollar a man a kai thluahmah lai.Hiti Foreign Exchange Market(Forex) ah US dollar a cawtu an tam deuh ah cun Forex chung tuaktantu pawl nih US dollar man(value) an kai ter lai.

# Kawlram thil US lei a kuatmi(export) $1million, US thil kawlram a lutmi(import) $2 million hei sisehlaw export nak in import a letkhat a tam deuh caah dollar cawtu zong a let khat in an tam deuh lai caah dollar a man a kai chin lai. Atu USD 1=1000 Kyat hna kha USD1=2,000 Kyat hna a phan kho.Hiti import le export ai thlau tuk(deficit) hi ram pakhat economy caah tih a nung ngai mi a si. Hi ruangah hin India ah cun ramdang thilchuak an caw duh tuk lo.

# Hi Foreign Exchange Market(Forex) ah hin bank ngan pipi zong an ni tel i lam pawng exchange market zong an ni tel dih. Hi Forex chung tuaktantu(speculator) nih a cawtu(demand) an tam deuh lai an timi phaisa poah an cawk caah hi Forex kheltu lak zongah exchange rate ai hngat ngai. Biana ah,kan hnu UK in Scotland chuah aa timh lio referendum tuah lai hrawng kha UK Sterling Pound a man a tum ngai nain referendum result a chuah hnu nazi pakhat dan ah khan Sterling Pound a man 0.2% in a kai manh.Hihi Forex kheltu nih Sterling Pound a cawtu an tam lai tiah an zumh/ruahdamh caah a si.

# Cheukhat ram ah cun Central Bank nih exchange rate a khiah(fixed rate) tawn. Kawlram zong ah an fix lengmang nain an control kho hlei lo,tuhi cu $1=1,000 Kyat leng a phan cang. Exchange rate a tum le a kai hi aruang dang tampi a um rih nain a cung lei ka langhter mi hi abiapi bik factor a si.

# Exchange rate le inflation rate hi ai lo loh. 'Inflation' cu thil man a kai le phaisa man a zor hi a si. Exchange rate hi cu ramchung phaisa nih ramdang phaisa a thlen khawhnak rate hi a si.Inflation cu phaisa tlap(note) tamtuk print caan ah a chuak theu, Exchange rate a kai mi(ramdang phaisa man a kai)bel cu ramdang thil tamtuk kan hman caan le ramdang phaisa kan cawk a tam tuk caan ah a chuak tawn ve.

Zeiruangah Dah Tangka Tam Tuk Print Ngam A Si Lo?

'Zeiruangah dah cozah nih a mipi caah phaisa a print tawp ko lo'timi biahalnak hi kan ruat bal cio men lai dah. Kei zong ka rak ruat tawn ve,'Cozah hi an khir tuk,catlap tham cu seh nih a chuah khawh zat in kan chuah piak ko sehlaw a ho poah kan hei rum dih hnga i a nuam tuk hnga' tiin cozah ka rak mawchiat tawn hna. Hi kong he pehtlaih in Sangbawi nih a tial mi capar pakhat hika ah rel khawh a si. Kei nih a tawi deuh khawh chung in fianter ka zuam ve hnik lai.  

Phaisa tam tuk print awk a si lonak aruang:

• Biana ah cozah nih tangka a tawm tawm in kan phawt cio sehlaw phaisa tlap cu kan zal khat lak in kan i senh cio hnga i kan duhmi poah kan cawk thluahmah hnga.Suisui tahmi Lai angki tingkhat man zong kan cawk cio lai. Suisui dawr ah hin angki zun 10 hei um sehlaw zun 9 a manh cang hnga,zun khat te long a tang. Lai angki tah cu zun khat ah thlakhat leng a rau rih hnga.
• Cu tikah Suisui nih zeidah a tuah lai? Lai angki cu zaan khat ah lim khawh mi a si lo caah a man a kai ter hrim lai. Tuan deuh tingkhat man kha tinghnih in a hei zuar hnga. Cheukhat nih a man fak tuk tiin a dang ah an kawl men lai,nain a ho poah phaisa ngeih cio a si tikah an rak cawk cio ve cang men hnga. Tinghnihnak niam deuh angki an hmuh kho ti lo tikah tinghnih in cawk zong an ngamh thiam thiam lai. 
• Suisui nih Lai angki a ngei ti lo. Angun dawr ah zun hnih a tang hnga. Hakha khuachung phaisa a tawm tawm in a ngei mi cu minung 40,000 leng kan hei si hnga. Hakha minung 40000 chungah Lai angki a ngei rih lomi 10,000 hei sisehlaw Angun angki cu a cuh bak in an i cuh hnga. Demand cuai 10,000 a si lio ah supply bel cu cuai 2 long a si cang lai. Cutikah Angun nih zunkhat ting 10 in a zuar zongah an cawk thiam thiam lai ti cu a fiang. 
• Cu ti a si ah cun cozah nih phaisa an kan phawt hlan tangka ting 1 a rian tuan khawhnak le a kan phawt hnu tangka ting 10 a rian tuan khawhnak a lo cang lai. Cozah nih phaisa a kan thenh ka ah cun a miak ngai mi a lo lai nain tlawmpal ah a rian tuan khawhnak a zor colh cang. 
• Laithil long a si lai lo,minung nih kan herhmi poah poah kan cawk thluahmah lai. A cawtu kan tam tluk in ramhung thilchuak(products) a karh kho lai lo,cutikah an man a kai thluahmah cio lai.Hakha market cawsa,voksa,arsa tbk zong a cawtu kan tam thluahmah lai. Phaisa a tawm tawm ngei ko buin ngapih ei cu kan huam cio lai lo cu mu! Cutikah,ramchung chuak vok,caw,ar tbk an har deuh thluahmah lai i an man a kai cuahmah ve lai,market ah kg pakhat 5,000 a si tawn mi kha 20,000 lei a kai ve lai. 
• Cu ti a si tik cun a hlan tangka 5,000 ngeih le a tu 20,000 ngeih ai tluk cang lai. Cucaah,cozah nih phaisa a kan then mi hi a miak a um lo ti khawh a si.
• Tahchunhnak ah, Germany kha world war 1 ah ramdang inn le lo a rak hrawhmi liam than dingin phaisa ceilak te a rak print ve. Leiba chamnak caah cun a phaisa a rak hman khawh nain phaisa tlap(note) cu ramchung a tang thiam thiam caah 'hyperinflation' phaisa man ngei lo nak tiang a rak phan. An phaisa man a ngei ti lo tikah phaisa dang an thlen than nak kha a si.  

Hiti phaisa man azor hi 'Inflation' ti a si i Economics a cawngmi nih 'Macroeconomics' subject tangah cawn a si. Inflation a chuahnak aruang tampi a um nain economists tampi nih an pawm bikmi cu 'too much money chasing too few goods' timi 'tangka tamtuk nih a tlawm tukmi thil a dawi' tikah phaisa man zornak a chuak timi hi a si. 

Kaladan Project Hi Kan Chinram Caah Zeitluk In Dah Abiapit?

Biadonhnak: Hmaikum 2015 chungah hman khawh dingmi Kaladan project hi Chinram le Mizoram thanchonak caah a biapi ngai ngai. Hi Kaladan project nih India ram khualipi hlun Kolkata-Rakhine ram Sittwe-Chinram Paletwa-Mizoram Lawngtlai-Aizawl tiin peh dih a timh. Tilawng (Cargo Ships) a ratnak ding Kolkata le Paletwa kar hi 697miles ai hlat i nikhat hrawng rau dawh a si(30miles/hour sea route). Cun,mawtaw kalnak ding Paletwa-Lawngtlai hi 130miles ai hlat i lam a that ko ah cun nazi pahnih thum long arau lai(40miles/hour high way).Atawinak bikah,India thil chuak cu nikhat chungah kan Chinram a lut kho cang lai ti nak a si. Kan hnu thla Sept 11 ah khan Kaladan Project cu 75% an lim cang tiah Eleven Myanmar nih a thanh, hiti ning an kal ko ah cun hmaikum ah lim dawh dang an si.Hi project caah a dih mi $214 million cu India nih a bawmh dih lai i project an lim le cangka in kawl cozah kut ah a ap colh lai ti a si(Kaladan Movement,2013). 

Kaladan Project

Chinram Caah Abiapi Khun: Kan theih cio bang,kan Chinram nih resource tha kan ngei mi a um lo,leitangchuak(natural resource) kan ngei mi a um lo hlei ah human resource ah kan cham bau tuk.Burma ramkulh chung 4% cu kan Chinram nih a khuh ve nain kan milu bel cu 0.93% fai long a si,1% hmanh kan tling lo.Minung kan tlawm long si loin mifim thiam kan ngei mi an tlawm tuk rih. Hi bantuk natural resource he human he resource a chambau mi kan Chinram hi zeitindah kan sersiam lai timi abiapi ngai. Hi kong he pehtlaih in aluancia 2011 ah Salai Van Lian Thang le Laimi kan pa le tampi bia an biaruahnak hika rel khawh a si.

Kan nih Chinram cu Mizoram bantuk in central cozah i rinh awk a tha lo. Central cozah nih 2012-2013 chung Chinram cozah a pek mi phaisa dihlak hi Ks16 billion a si, Chinram cozah nih income Ks7 billion a ngei ve(The Weekly Voice,Feb,2013). Ks 16 billion hi US dollar in tuak ah cun $16.016 million fai long a si, Wayne Rooney a kumcheu lakhah tluk hmanh a si lo. Hi zat phaisa hi cu wunci lakhah,wunci inn saknak le cozah riantuantu an lahkhah tuktak ah a kal dih ngot cang lai,thanchonak tuah ding cu a si kho rih lo ti tluk a si. Cucaah, Mizoram bantuk in central cozah i rinh khawh a si lo.Kan Chinram sersiamnak ding caah Kaladan tilawng lam hi kan nunnak thawpi bantuk a si te kho.

Zeitindah A Kan Thahnem Kun Lai: Kan mah Chinram bantuk in leitangchuak a ngei bak lomi South Korea, Italy, Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan le Switzerland hna kan zoh hna tikah natural resource an ngei bak ve lo nain vawlei ramrum i chuah kho ko. Hi ram hna hi import le export long bak irinh in a nungmi an si hna.Natural resource an ngei lo,nain an human resource a tha tuk,thluak in rian an tuan kan ti lai cu. Ramdang in raw material import an tuah, thilthar(product) tha ah an ser,cun,ramdang ah an zuar(export) than. Import/export tuahnak dingah rili lam tha tha an ngei hna. Hika kan hmuh khawhmi cu ram pakhat thanchonak ah natural resource long hi tawhfung a si lem lo,human resource le ramdang he chawlehtuah khawhnak lam tha (rili,mawtaw) ngeih zong a biapi tuk ve.

Cu ve bantuk in,atu Kaladan project an lim si cun Kolkata chuak India thil man fawi tein nikhat chung ah kan hman/ngah khawh lai. Chinram ah manufacturing company hna kan ngei khawh si cun awl tein ramdang export kan tuah khawh cang lai. Kan ramchuak hmathak,lakphak le meifar thing hna India lei export tuah khawh a si te lai. Chinram ah mitsur a tlai tha tuk fawn, mitsur wine company nganpi kan ser khawh i hi product pawl hi India ah awl tein zuar khawh a si fawn lai. Culonghlah, ramtha um Chinmi tampi nih an thiamnak le an rumnak Chinram caah an pekchanh i an thiamnak an hman tikah hi Kaladan tilawng lam hi India he long si ti loin vawleipi he chawled(trade) kan tuahnak lampi a si te kho mi a si. Cutikah,kan Chinram cozah nih tax zong tam deuh a kholh kho te lai thanchonak tampi a kan serpi te kho!

Chinram Caah Tihnung Ngai Mi Pakhat Bel Cu: Paletwa peng hi mirang uknak chan ah Arakan(Rakhine) hills tangah a rak um mi an si caah Rakhine mi he an ni cawh ngai ti a si,Rakhine holh zong an thiam pah dih. Culonghlah, Arakan Liberation Party ralkap pawl nih hmun an khur ngai ti a si, kan hnu July ah khan ALP nih Paletwa peng khuate phaisa an kholh hna tiah Chinland Guardian nih a kan thanh. Kan hnu 2012 hna ah khan ALP nih Paletwa ah liaison office on ding tiang an rak timh bal. Hi ALP an cawlcangh ning kan zoh tikah Chinram chungin Paletwa peng a tlau sual lai ti phan lo khawh a si lo. Paletwa hi Chinram a kan cawmtu khua a si kho mi a si. Rakhine nih an kan chuh than sual ah cun Chinram a thaw pit te kho.

Biadonghnak: Chinram cu leitang chuak kan ngeimi a um lo hlei ah central cozah rinh tlak a si hrim lo,kan mah kutke deuh in kan ram sersiam a ho mi a si. Kan ram sersiamnak ding caah human resource,ramdang he chawleh(trade) tuahnak lam ngeih hi a herh tuk mi a si. Kan Chinram nih ramdang he chawleh(import/export) a tuah khawh ding caah a tu Kaladan tilawng lam hi kan nunnak thawpi bantuk in a biapi ti khawh ngai a si.

Han River Cung Acang Mi Khuaruahhar Miracle

Biadomhnak:Han river hi Seoul khuapi pawng a luangmi tiva pakhat a si i South Korea tuanbia ah min a lang ngai mi a si.Tuluk le South Korea kar chawlehnak lam tha bik zongah an rak hmang bal.Korean war a dih ka 1960 hrawngah South Korea minung pakhat nih kumkhat chung income $80 hrawng long an rak hmuh khawh ti a si.Nain, General Park Chung-hee uknak a lak hnu 1961 in Korea ram economy rangtak in a thangcho i tuni ah cun per capita income $30000 leng a phan hlei ah vawlei cung ram rumbik 12nak ah a um cang(IMF,2012).Hitluk rangin South Korea economy a kai khawh khuaruahhar hmel chunhnak ah 'Miracle on the Han River' tiin min pek a si.

20th Century Chung Korea Sunghzatlaknak:South Korea a thancho hi nitlak ram he tahchunh ah cun a tlai deuh ngai, 20th century cheu hi cu vanchiatnak nih a tlak ve. Korea zonghi kan mah kawlram bantuk in Japan uknak an rak tuar bal.Japan uknak hi 1910 in a thawk i Japan second world war asungh hnu 1945 in Independence an pek hna. Independence an ngah le cangka in Korea ram then hnih ah a then colh,Soviet Union nih communist a duhmi North a tanhpi i US nih South lei a tang ve. Cuticun kum thum chung remnak ser an rak timh nain hnatlaknak hmuh kho loin huatnak tu a zual i 1948 ah an mah le cozah cio an rak ser i cuticun North le South cu a cheu thai(Asia for Educator website).

North le South a cheu hnu in an kar ah huatnak a zual tuk. US nih adirpi mi South lei nih democracy kalpi an duh,Soviet Union nih adirpi mi North lei nih communist an duh ve. June,1950 ah North Korea hruaitu Kim II Sung nih ramhnih komh communist ram ser a duh caah South cu a phomh. Soviet Union le China nih an hung tanhpi, US le UN member ram tampi nih South an bawmh ve. Kumthum chung ral an tho i minung nunnak 4 million leng a liam(Boos and Donald W,1996). Inn lo tampi a rawk. Cutikah,South Korea cu Japan uknak tangah thanchonak zeihmanh a rak tuah kho lo hlei ah Korean War ruangah sunghzatlaknak tampi a tong i vawleicung ram sifak list tiangah a rak tel ve.South Korea hi kan mah Chin bantuk in ramthilchuak(natural resources) a ngei ve lomi an si i ral a daih ka kum tam nawn cu ramdang bawmhnak in an rak nung ti a si(Wikipedia). 

South Korea Thancho Athawknak le Aruang: Japan uknak tha lo le Korean War ruangah kum tam nawn harsa ngai in khua an sa.Nain,General Park Chung Hee hruaimi ralkap uknak lak hnu 1961 in South Korea rang tak in a thangcho. Kawlram cu ralkap uknak tangah kan rak tumchuk nain South Korea cu phun dang pi a si. Cozah kuttang ah zei poah a rak um dih,dictator phun khat ti khawh zong a si.Cozah nih company nganpi tuah aforhfial hna,phaisa thazang zong aherhzat in a pek hna. Company ngan tampi ser in ramchung thilchuak karhter hram an thawk(Emerging Market Spotlight,2010). 

Hi campany nganpi hna hi Korea holh in 'Chaebols' an ti hna i chungkhar pakhat cio nih ngeih mi an si.Hi company nganpi hna nih korea ram long si loin vawlei ka kip ah hmunhma an khur. Nitin kan hman mi thilri an chuah i ramkip an kuat/phawtzamh. South Korea GDP hi 2012 ah $1.13 trillion a si. Export(ramdang kuat/zuarmi thil) ah $548.2billion a si (Wikipedia). Export long hmanh nih ram pumpi GDP 50% deng a si cang.Cuticun natural resources tha a ngei lo nain company hmang in thil tampi achuah khawh i ramdang thil kuat(export) a thawn caah hi tiang in a thancho a si. Atu ah cun Korean company si mi Samsung,Hyundai,LG le KIA hna cu vawlei hruaitu company ah an ni chuah i an ram economy zong an dirkamh rih.

Biadonghnak:South Korea tuanbia kan zoh tikah khuaruahhar thil hmuh khawh ngai a si. A innpa North Korea he cun van le vawlei in an ni thlau cang.Cu long hlah,ralkap uknak alak in a thangcho lehlam hi phun dang tuk a si. 20th century cheu cu sunghzatlaknak nih a den i vawleicung ram sifak pakat a rak si nain 21st century ah cun vawleicung ram rum pakhat ah achuah khawh ve hi khuaruahhar ngai a si ve caah 'Miracle on the Han River' or 'Han River Cung Acangmi Khuaruahhar Miracle' tiin min pek a phutnak a si.

Tulio Thailand Political Crisis Nih A Economy Adonkhanh Ning

South East Asia chung economy nganbik 2nak a si mi Thailand economy cu ramchung buaibainak(political crisis) ruangah kan hnu thlathum chung a tha der ngai,nikum nak in GDP a kaicho ning 2.1% in a hme deuh cang. Ramchung daihnak a um lo ruangah investor tampi chawleh an tuah ngam ti lo,ramdang tourist an tlawm deuh thluamah. Business center a si mi Bangkok khua lam tam deuh cu cozah dohtu nih an khuh dih caah fawi tein um kal khawh a si lo bangin chawleh tuah a fawi ti lo.Nizaan ralkap nih uknak a lak hnu lebang cun ramdang tourist le investor an zor chin lai ti cu a fiang.

Thailand economy kan zoh tikah GDP 16% leng hi tourism in a lut mi a si(The World Travel & Tourism Council,2014) i South East Asia ah tourist an kal duhnak bik hmun a si.Nikum ah  The TIME mekazine nih Thailand khualipi Bangkok cu vawleicung tourist panh bikmi khuapi(the most visited city in the world) ah a thim rih. Kumchiar ramdang tourist an karh chin leng mang i 2013 ah 26 million renglo nih an panh, i 2014 ah 29 million renglo nih an panh rih lai tiin an ruahdomh nain ram chung buaibainak ruangah an ruah ning a si ti lo.Thailand chung tukum tourist an zor ngai. Cuhleiah, U.S, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Japan le Brazil le adang ram tampi nih an citizen Thailand tlawn i ral rin ding alert an pek rih hna.Cuticun,kan hnu thlathum chung hmanh ah ramdang tourist 400,000 leng an zor i $2.7billion hrawng an sungh tiah Tourism Authority of Thailand nih a thanh.

Political stability a um lo tikah foreign investor tampi zong investment tuah an ngamh ti lo,nikum November thawk in ramchung lut investor an tlawm deuh deuh. Ralkap nih uknak a lak hnu in a zual rih lai,2010 hlan kawlram a lo pah kho men. Import le export zong a tla ngai rih. Export hi March thla chung long hmanh ah nikum Marh nak in 3.12%  a tlawm deuh cang ti a si(Thailand Business News). 

Risk Analysis Moody's group vice president Thomas Byrne nih tukum chung Thailand economy hi 4-4.5% hrawng in a kai cho lai tiah kan ruah domh nain a tu political crisis ruangah 1-2% long a kai cang lai a ti.Cun,economist Rajiv Biswas a chim rih mi cu Thailand economy ah a lut hnga ding $8-$10billion hrawng cu nai political crisis ruangah a sung cang a ti ve. Irrawaddy news nih nizan ralkap uknak an lak hnu in kawlram he pehtlaihnak Mae Sot-Myawady lam hna zong an phih chung ti a si i tutan ralkap uknak an lak cu kawlram lei import&export zong a zor deuh kho.

Thailand hi ralkap nih uknak lak ti a tam ngai.Tutan hi avoi 12nak a si. 2006 ah Yingluck a tta pa Thaksin zong prime minister sinak in an thawl.Cuhnu cun tutiang daihnak a um kho ti lo. Tutan buainak ah minung 28 nunnak a liam.Democracy phung ning in Yingluck zong prime minister ah an thim nain an thawl than hoi cang. Cucaah,Thailand ram daihnak serding cu a rau pah rih lai i a economy zong a nuar rih ko lai.

Vawleicung Economy Nganbik Pathumnak Um India Caah Cahmai Thar Tialtu Ding Mr.Narendra Modi

Biadomhnak: Vawleicung minung tambik changtu India ram general election cu zarhnga chung an tuah hnu ah an lim cang ko,kum tampi chung teinak a rak hmu tu Gandhi chungkhar hruaimi Indian National Congress party cu Mr.Modi hruai mi BJP nih zohchia ngai in a tei ko. Tlawmpal ah parliamentary system in hruaimi India prime minister cu Mr.Modi a si cang lai. Vawleicung democracy ram ngan bik India caah cahmai thar cu Mr. Modi kut cung a phan cang ko,zeibantuk cafung dah a hman lai ti hi vawleipi nih ngiat ngai mi le i ngeih ngai a si.

Modi Konglawm Tlawmpal le An Duhnak Aruang: Kum 63 a si cang mi India Prime Minister ding Narendra Modi cu India ram nitlak lei Vanagar khua,Gujarat state ah 17September, 1950 ah achuak. Gujarat state hi India Independence Movement hruaitu Mahatma Gandhi chuahnak zong a si. Modi hi sifak chungkhar(backward class) in a kaicho i prime minister dirhmun tiang a phak khawh hi mitampi nih an upat khunnak a si.A pa hi Vanagar tlanglawng station ah lakphakti a zuar mi a si i a rak bawmh ve tawn hlei ah a u pa he bus station ah lakphak an rak zuar tawn ti a si. A cacawnnak hi Gujarat university in M.A,political science a ngah. 2001 in tutiang(3 terms) Gujarat chief minister(pyine wuncii choh) a tuan.

India mipi nih an duhnak aruangbik cu amah uknak chung Gujarat state athancho bantuk in India pumpi economy zong a thanchoter khawh lai timi zumhnak an ngei cio caah a si. Chief minister a tuan chungah Gujarat state athancho ning a rang tuk.India state top5 ah a chiah khawh. Gujarat state khualipi um Indian Institute of Management cu vawleicung business school top11 ah achiah khawh rih. 2019 hlan ah India university 20 tal cu vawleicung university thabik top 100 ka um ter lai a ti rih hoi.

Mr. Modi chief minister atuannak Gujarat cu The Economic Freedom of the States of India report(2013) nih India ram chung chawlehnak tuah a tha biknak state ah a thim. Foreign investor caah awl tein investment tuah khawh a si, chawleh tuah duh ah cozah nawlpeknak awl tein lak khawh a si(step a tam lo). Bureaucracy a um lo caah ziknawheinak(corruption) a tlawm. Amah pumpak hrim hi ziknawhei a doh ngai mi a si. Campaign a tuahnak zongah eihmuarnak doh ding hi abiapi ngai in a chim tawn, opposition dirhmun in a rak um lio ah INC cozah cu nan eihmuar tuk tiin um thiam lo a rak soisel hna. Eihmuar dohnak (anti-corruption) hi India mino lak ah a karh ngai caah mino 100million renglo nih mee(vote) an pek ti a si.

Cheukhat Nih An Dohnak Aruang: Mr. Modi India prime minister a si ding hi minority a si mi khrifa le muslim hna nih an tih ngai. India milu 80.5%(India census,2001) cu Hindu biaknak a zum mi an si. Modi hi RSS timi Hindu nationalist buu(organization) ah a cawlcangh ngai mi member pakhat a si. RSS hi thatnak lei(independence movement tbk) ah an cawlcangh ngai nain India ram khrifa thahnak le muslim thahnak tbk ah hruaitu an si tiah puh a si. Human Right watch report(1999) nih BJP(a tu Modi nih ahruaimi) nih 1998 Gujarat state thimnak buan a co hnu in khrifa dohnak a thawk thluamah tiin a thanh. 2008 Orissa state chung khrifa inn 4,400 khanghnak,minung 59 thahnak hna zong kha Modi ai telnak RSS hi alubik an si tiin puh a si. 

Khrifa long hlah,2002 Modi chief minister a tlin tlawmpal ah Gujarat state chung muslim 1000 renglo Hindu nih an thah hoi hna. Muslim a runveng hna lo,a zoh sawh sawh hna tiin vawleipi nih an soisel. US le UK nih visa an phih piak. Mitampi nih case an chuah, tazaa an cuai len nain court nih a reject dih hna,amah zong nih ka sual lo a ti peng.

Biadonghnak: Mr. Modi a tuanbia kan zoh tikah a thatnak zong a um i a chiatnak zong hmuh khawh pah a si. Gujarat bantuk in India pumpi zong a than choter deuh hrim lai ti cu zumh le i hngakhlang cio a si. Nain,anih hi Hindu biaknak atanh ngai mi a si caah khrifa le muslim cung a policy hi zeidah a lawh te lai timi hi issue ngan ngai a si. Biaknak dang cung ah a hmurka ai sum lo ah cun India ram chung muslim 180 million hrawng an um ve caah biaknak kar i dohnak(religion violence) a um kho i India caah cahmai thar cu cahang sen in a tial lo nak hnga a ralring ngai a ho lai. Daihnak(peace) um loin thanchonak(development) tuah khawh a si lo caah Mr.Modi nih development le peace ai ruang tein a kal pi a ho ko rua lai!



 

Tulio Kawlram Economy Le China Influence Zortertu Japan & India

1940 hrawng South East Asia arumbik,vawleicung facang azuarkho bik(largest exporter of rice) le vawleicung tlorthing 75% a rak zuar kho tu kawlram cu Ne Win uknak a lak hnu in kum 60 chungah vawlei cung sifak bik ram ah ai cang.Ramchungthilchuak(natural resource) a tam tuk ko nain uknak that lo ruangah rak thancho loin arak tumchuk.Nain, 2011 President Thein Sein a kai hnu in athi deng cangmi Burma economy cu thazang a van ngeih deuh than. 2013 ah GDP 7.5% tiang a kai ve cang,2014 ah 7.8% a kai lai i hmailei zong akai rih ko lai tiin zumh a si(Asian Development Bank,2014). Mirum kut le TV  longah kan rak hmuh tawn mi mobile phone hna zong ahopoah nih hman khawh a si cang. International telecom company Telenor le Ooredoo hna an lut cang.Ai thlen ning momentum athawng ngai ko.Mah thlennak ah hin kawlram chung China nawlngeihnak(influence) azor thluamah ve i India le Japan hmunhma a kau chin ve.

China in FDI(foreign direct investment) atlutmi 2008-2011 ah $12 billion tiang a rak phan nain 2012-2013 ah $407 million long a si(The Irrawaddy,Sep2013). Atum tuk! Myitsone le Letpadaung project an reject mi hrim nih China influence azor ning cu a fiang. Cu long hlah, kawlmi lungthin ah China huatnak a zual.Mah hi India nih chance ah ai lak ve,Indo-Burma pehtlaihnak thawnter ai tim ve. India company NGC Videsh, Jubiland Oil&Gas le century Ply-Star Cement group hna kawlram an lut(The Myanmar Times,Feb2014).Kaladan project hna an thawk,mah project nih hin Sittwe le Kolkata(former India Capital) a peh hlei ah Chin ram kulh in Mizoram tiang apeh lai.Chin mi kan caah athahnem khun lai dah.Kalram chung India investment a kai deuh thluahmah. Kawlram chung India hmuhma a kauh deuh hi China caah issue pakhat a si ve. Kawlram chung India investment nih tuluk atluk nai rih lo nain India ruangah hin tuluk nih kawlram chung a duhpoah in ai col(lor) ngam ti lai lo ti cu afiang.

India long hlah, Japan a um rih. Japan nih hmunhma kauh chin ai timh ve, kawlram leiba $3 billion bak ka cham duh hlah a ti ko lengah $500million loan a pek than rih(VOA,Jan2014). Cun,nai Japan foreign minister Fumio Kishida kawlram a rat ah fresh loan $234.8 million a pek than hoi(Myanmar Business News,April2014). Tlangcung hriamtlai phu le cozah nih tuahding mi national reconcilation zong a tanh pi ngai,thazang a pek ngai fawn. Fumio Kishida nih apek mi loan chung in ral ruangah harnak a tongmi Rakhine,Kachin le chaklei Shan hna zong tam ngai a bawmh hna lai. Yangon-Mandalay&Yangon city kulh tlanglawng(train) lam,loikaw siizungp hna remh an timh,nikhua that lo ruangah leiba he aciah mi leituahtu(farmer) bawmh an timh rih(Ministry Of Foreign Affair Of Japan website statement,March 14). Abawmh mi atam ngai. Mah bawmhnak nih Neypyidaw cozah siseh,kawlram mipi thinlungah rian atuan ngai te lai. China influence cu azorter deuh hrim ko lai.

Kawlram chung investment an tuahning kan zoh tikah China hi cu amiak long a bawh deuh,mipi caah thahnemnak a kawl lem lo. Nain India le Japan cu ramkhat thanchonak ah abiapi tuk mi infrastructure(mawtaw lam,tlanglawng lam,mei tbk) rem an timh hmasa. Miharsa an bawmh hmasa hna,mipi caah thatnak an tuah hmasa. Cusicaah,kawlram FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) tambik cu China in a lut rih ko lai nain Japan le India an hung langh ngai te lai i China influence cu azor duahmah ve te lai dah.

Atu Mizoram Dirhmun(Economy) Kan Chinram nih Aphan Kho Ve Lai Maw?

Vawleicung sifakbik ram Burma hmanhah sifakbik state(UNDP report, 2013) a si rihmi Chinram nih kan unau simi Mizoram dirhmun kan phak kho ve hnga maw ti hi ruah awk ngai asi.Mizoram nak in kan Chinram letkhat deng in akau deuh(Mizoram-21,081km²,Chinram-36,019km²). Mizoram population khi 1,091,014 a si( Mizoram census,2011) i a tu kan Chinram population hi 500,000 hrawng a si lai tiin ruah a si.Mizoram nak letkhat in a tlawm deuh.Kan Chinram bantuk in sui,lungvar,ziinan tibantuk thil mansung a chuak ve lo nain an thutdir(living standard) a sang ngai ko.Ceupi(Korea) achim bang Thailand,Malaysia mi zaraan nih an tluk hna lo ti khawh a si.

 State ramkulh chung thil chuak man vialte fonh kha GSDP(Gross State Domestic Product) ti a si.Mizoram Economic Survey(2012-13) a chim ningah cun mipi 60% leng nih pawcamnak caah lothloh(agriculture) an i rinh nain GSDP 60%hi service sector a si mi (1)transport&communication; (2)trade,hotel&restaurant; (3)Banking&insurance; (4)Public administration etc. in a lut. Agriculture sector(lothloh) in alut mi cu GSDP 18% long a si. Kum chiar in GSDP 10% in akai,a tthawng ngai ngai. Cozah nih riantuan ning(management) a thiam caah an ramchung in thil mansung a chuak lo nain an thangcho ngai ko. Lo tuahnak ah aherhmi me-aw-zaa(fertilizer)le adang thilri cozah nih a pek hna, lothlotu caah bawmhnak (subsidies) tampi an pek. Khuakhat le khuakhat kar lam a pem dih ngawt.Mizoram literacy rate hi 91%(caa acawngmi zatuak) a si. Ramchung infrastructure(lam,mei etc.) le human resource athat caah service sector in GSDP 60% tiang a phanh khawh hi a si.Mizoram athanchoning kan zoh tikah management thiam le human resource that aherh ning a kan hmuh ter. 

Kan Chinram nih teh Mizoram dirhmun a phan kho ve hnga maw? Management kan thiam si cun kan phan colh ko lai. Vawleicung ram thatha ah Chinmi kan um dih ngawt cang. Burmese American Community Institute nih US long hmanh ah 40,000 hrawng kan um lai a ti. 2013 chung ah high school a awng mi 300 hrawng an si, Indiana in 57%(high school a awngmi) nih college peh an ni timh a ti rih. University level akai cuahmahmi an tam ngai cang. US long hlah,adang Canada,Australia,Norwey,Denmark etc. ah Chinmi an tam tuk rih. Ramtha um Chinmi nih Chinram thanchonak tawhfung an tlaih. Dr. Lian Hmung Sakhong nih tuluk thanchonak ah ABC(America Born Chinese) an biapi tuk bang in kan Chinram than chonak zongah ABC(America Born Chin) hi an biapi tuk ve a ti bal(LBC Seminar,Yangon). Ramtha um Chinmi tam deuh cu an kir duh lai lo nain an thiamnak le rumnak cu Chinram caah a thahnem thiam lai.Bank i an phaisa chiah sawh nak cha in Chinram thanchonak caah investment an rak tuah te lai. Small&Medium Enterprise(SME) tampi an rak dirh te lai. Atuhmanh hi cozah nak in ramdang um Chinmi an rak tthawng deuh,cozah rian a si mi lam,mei,siizung etc. an rak tuahmi a tlawm ti lo. Chinram chung ah nickel,limestone hna a chuak hlei ah tourist destination pakhat ah tuah khawh a si. Vanlawng phan kho sehlaw Mount Victoria hmanh nih dollar tamtuk a chuahpi lai.

Ramtha um Chinmi nih thatnak achuahpi bang in chiatnak zong a chuahpi kho ve. Chinram um mitampi cu ramdang um chungkhar irinh in rian tuan an huam ti lo. Cawk long an ni bawh cio cang. An mah kut in zeihmanh chuah an ni timh ti lo,tisit anhnah hmanh cawk a si cang tikah thil man le rian ngei lo(unemployment rate) akai thluamah. Ramdang phaisa alut mi tamdeuh cu facang ngeitu kawl mirum kut a phan colh.Atu dirhmun in kan kal rih ko si cun thancho lei si loin kan tumchuk te lai. Mah issue hi kan Chinram thanchonak caah abiapi tuk mi challenge pakhat a si.Riantuan tu um lo in ram thancho khawh a si lo.

Cucaah,kan nih Chinram zong nih managment kan thiam si cun caan tlawmpal ah kan unau Mizoram dirhmun kan phan ve ko lai. Ramdang um mi nih Chinram um phaisa kuat hi a tha tuk mi a si ko nain thathutnak achuahpi kho ve caah phaisa kuat kan i ralring ngai a ho. Hmailei amiak achuahpi kho hnga ding thil tuahpiak,a ziin seihpiak kan ho. India bike cawk nak men men ah le facang tun cawknak men ah phaisa kuat hi kan ni ralring aherh ngai ko cang.

Vawleicung Hriamtha Bik A Ngei Tu Ram le An Budget Hmanning

Vawleicung hriamtha bik a ngeitu ram an budget hman ning kan zoh tikah ralkap le hriamnam(defense budget) biapit ning hmuh khawh a si.Ram pakhat economy le ramri(territory) runvennak ah ralkap thazang le hriamnam a biapi tuk. Economy a thawng mi ram nih defense budget an kai ter ve.Tukum US defense budget hi $612 billion a si i China,Russia,India defense budget fonh hmanh in an tluk nai rih lo. Kawlram he cun van le vawlei in ai thlau,nikum kawlram defense budget hi $2.36 billion long a si,cozah budget hi $19 billion long a si.

Laimi tampi kan umnak US cu zei ram hmanh nih an tluk hrim lo,defense budget a sangbik a si hlei ah araltuknak vanlawng(aircraft) le minung thazang(human forces) tha bik a ngei.

Acung hmanthlak hi 19 aircraft a phur kho mi raltuknak tiilawng(fleet) a si,mah hrim nih khuazeika poah in hmunhma a lak khawh,a phomh khawh hna. Mah hi US hrimatha bik pakhat a si (Global Firepower website). Vawlei khuaza kip ah hmunhma a ngei.Japan le South Korea hmanh ah ralkap 78,000 a chiah hna. Europe,Africa le Middle East zong ah tam ngai a chiah rih. Nain,2012 hnu lei China le Russia defense budget a kai cuamah lio ah US defense budget a zor deuh ngai.

Pahnihnak ah Russia hi Soviet Union a tluk kumkul hnu in ralkap thazang a thawnter than. 2008 hnu in defense budget a kai thluamah, tukum hi $76.6 billion a si i tuhnu kum thum chungah 44% bak a kai rih lai tiin zumh a si(Business Insider,2014). Tank force ah cun an tluk ve hrim lo,raltuknak tank 15,500 bak a ngei. Ukraine ram Crimea a lak lio Russia tank an tam ning kha nan hmuh cio lai dah.Minung thazang(human forces) hi 3 million leng a ngei rih.Ukraine a tuahto ning kan zoh tikah US hmanh nih a tih pah ko ti a lang. A lor ngai ko, East Ukraine i a cawlcangh rih ning zoh tikah Soviet Union thar dirh than hlah maw a timh ti awk in a um.

Vawleicung minung tambiknak ram China defense budget hi ram tampi nih an buai pi ngai.Tukum 2014 defense budget hi $126 billion a si i nikum nak 12% in a tam deuh. Hitluk defense budget a kai ter hi ramri cuhtu Philippine le Japan caah cun thin phang ngai a si.India zong a lau pah ve ko lai,1962 an i tuk hnu in tutiang an ni rem tuk lo. Nobel Peace Prize winner Dalai Lama le Tibet mi India khuasaknak nawl(refugee) a pek mi nih China thin a kheuh ngai.China hi hriamtha tuk cu a ngei lo nain minung thazang 4.5 million leng a ngei. Minung thazang(human forces) ah cun a tam bik a si.

Palinak ah kan innpa a si mi India hi hriamnam cawk thawngbik a si. Defense budget hi $46 billion long a si rih nain a kai thluamah lai tiin zumh a si. A hriamtha missile nih a huat bak mi a innpa Pakistan cu vutcam ah acan ter kho ve (Business Insider, 2014).Ramdang hriamnam cawk a thawn hi Pakistan ruangah a si bik. Tu le tu in an ni phomh. Palestine le Israel bak an si ve ko.

Panga nak ah United Kingdom hi Queen Elizabeth chan ah vawlei uk dih a rak timh nain tuhi cu a ralkap thazang a thumh lehlam cang, 2010-2018 kar ah ralkap thazang 20% bak thumh a timh. Nain,huham cu a ngei ngai rih,2020 lim ding an timh mi HMS Queen Elizabeth raltuk tiilawng(fleet) nih F-35B striker vanlawng 40 leng a phur kho te lai. Hmailei kum tampi tiang huham a ngei rih ko lai. Paruk nak ah France, 7th Germany, 8th Turkey, 9th South Korea, 10th Japan le 11th Israel hna an si (Global Firepower,2014). 

Acung lei kan hmuh hna bantuk in ram pakhat defense budget hi a biapi tuk. US cozah budget 23% cu defense ah a hman. Kawlram hi 12% a hman ve. Defense budget hi ramri(territory) runvennak ca long si lo in ram pkhat thanchonak(Economy) zong ah abiapi tuk mi 'factor' pakhat a si.

Zeiruangah Dah China Hitluk A Thancho?

China hi communist party nih uk mi a si nain vawleicung economy ngan bik pahnih nak ah a um, a nganbik mi US economy hmanh hi tukum chung ah a lonh lai tiah World Bank’s International Comparison Program(ICP) nih April 30 ah a thanh. 1978 hnu in kumchiar China GDP 7.8-14% hrawng in akai thluamah,achel ah 15%-19% tiang a phan. US khi 2%-4% hrawng a kai ve nain a tum (-) caan a tam ngai. Afawinak in China cu kumchiar 7.8%-14% tiang in a rum chin lengmang tinak a si.

China a thancho ning hi mifim thiam le economists hna nih an ruah ning leng in a rang. Kan hnu kum ah khan Centre for Economic and Business Research (CEBR) a chim chung ning ah cun 2028 hnu long in US nak in China economy a ngan deuh te lai a ti nain tukum chung hmanh ah a lonh cang ko lai. Vawleicung thil kuat kho bik(largest exporter) si nak cu 2009 ah Germany a rak chuh, 2010 ah US chang tu(vaweleicung rumbik chang tu) sinak Japan a chuh rih, 2013 ah chawleh tuah thawngbik sinak zong US a chuh hoi. Tukum dongh lai hrawng in cun vawleicung tuanbia thar a um cang lai, vawleicung ram rumbik sinak cu Asia lei a thial ruang mang lai. 1870 hlan tiang cu UK(United Kingdom) a rak rum bik nain US nih 2014(?) tiang a chan,China tuhi zei can tiang dah a nguh ve te lai.

Zeiruangah dah communist ram a si mi China hi mah tluk rang in a than cho khawh ti hi mitampi nih ruah cio a si. China central cozah nih private industry/ enterprise/ company tbk mah tein nawlngeihnak apek hna hlan(command economy) ah cun cutluk in an rak thangcho lo. An GDP a kai caan zong a um nain a tum caan zong a tam pi,vawleicung ramsifak mincazin ah arak tel ve. Nain 1978 hnu cun cozah lung a fim,central cozah power an dorh, cozah nih thil pakhat khat a man an khiah tawn mi kha a si ti loh, company,private enterprise tbk nih an khiah cang. Foreign trade le investment zalong tein tuah hram an thawk,khuapi long si loin khua te(rural area) zongah enterprise tampi tuah hram an thawk. Zalawng tein private business le SME(Small and Medium Enterprise) tuahnak nawl a pek hna. China ram economic system cu command economy system(cozah nih full nawlngeihnak) in Free Economy system lei a panh cang. Entrepreneurs le company an nawlngeihnak akarh deuh bangin China economy cu a thangcho thluamah ve.Command economy system in market economy system lei an thlen hi tuluk ram thanchonak ah abiapi bikmi factor pakhat a si.

Central power a zor hlan tuluk minung panga ah pali hi lothlawh(agriculture sector) ah rian rak tuan a si nain 1978 hnu in lo riantuan a lar ti loh, rian tha deuh(higher-value-added manufacturing)an tuan thawk cang. Lothlotu an rak tlawm deuh caah lothilchuak a man fak deuh bang in lothlotu zong an hlawh tling ve cang. Lothilchuak zong tam deuh an rak chuah khawh. Khat lein private enterprise a tam chin ve,lothlawh ahuam ti lomi nih an panh. Cuticun khuate tiangah rian a rak um caah thanchonak lam an rak panh a si. Culong hlah,company managers nih an mah duh mi thil zalong tein an rak chuah,an mah le tinhmi(goal) cio an rak chiah. Cutikah company pakhat le pakhat an rak i zuamcawh. Mah izuamcawhnak nih hin China thilchuak akai ter thluamah,tu ah cun vawlei thilchuak tambik(most productive) ram a si cang. Ramdang investment kutka an on caah ramdang in phaisa tam tak a lut,mah nih hin factory tampi a ser,ramdang he pehtlaihnak a that ter caah ramdang thiamnak kha fawi tein a cawn/a lak.Cuticun population 1.3 billion a ngei mi China ram a thancho nak a si.

China hi communist ram a si ko nain economy ah cun democracy ram ti khawh a si. Cozah nih entrepreneurs sinah nawl a ngei lem lo. Free market system an hman. Mah zalonak(Free Economy system) hi China thachonak hriamnam tha bik cu a si. Khuate(rural) lei focus in enterprise a ser mi hrim nih hin lothlotu tampi a khamh hna, sifahnak in a luater hna. Nain tuluk nih challenge tam ngai a ngei rih. Tuluk city tampi i thli thiang lomi,GDP a niam deuh thlumah mi te hna hi Beijing caah 'major concern' a si kho men.